■ INTEGRATED AND INDEPENDENT JUDICIARY
#Salientfeatureofconstitution
◇ The Indian Constitution establishes a judicial system that is integrated as well as independent. The Supreme Court stands at the top of the integrated judicial system in the country.
◇ Below it, there are high courts at the state level. Under a high court, there is a hierarchy of subordinate courts, that is, district courts and other lower courts.
◇ This single system of courts enforces both the central laws as well as the state laws, unlike in USA, where the federal laws are enforced by the federal judiciary and the state laws are enforced by the state judiciary.
■ FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
#Salientfeaturesofconstitution
◇ Part III of the Indian Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights to all the citizens:
• Right to Equality (Articles 14–18);
• Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22);
• Right against Exploitation (Articles 23–24);
• Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28);
• Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30); and
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32).
■ FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
#Salientfeaturesofconstitution
◇ The original constitution did not provide for Fundamental Duties of the citizens.
◇ These were added during the operation of internal emergency (1975-77) by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976 on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee.
◇ The Part IV-A of the Constitution (which consists of only one Article 51-A) specifies the eleven Fundamental Duties viz., to respect the Constitution, national flag and national anthem; to protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of the country; to promote the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people; to preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture and so on.
■ A SECULAR STATE
#Salientfeaturesofconstitution
◇ The Constitution of India stands for a Secular State. Hence, it does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State.
□ The following provisions of the Constitution reveal the secular character of the Indian State :-
• The term ‘secular’ was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976.
• The Preamble secures to all citizens of India liberty of belief, Faith and worship.
• The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws (Article 14).
• The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the ground of religion (Article 15).
• Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters of public employment (Article 16).
❇️ 25th JANUARY
👆🏻 National Voters' Day
राष्ट्रीय मतदाता दिवस
Theme 2022 : 'Making Elections Inclusive, Accessible and Participative’
💠 2022 will mark the 12th NVD.
💠 On this day in 1950, The Election Commission of India came into existence.
💠 e-Governance Award of Excellence 2019 won by ➖‘cVIGIL’ and ‘Voter Helpline app’
💠 Election Commission Rolls Out Digital Voter ID Cards “E-EPIC”
💠 Election Commission Of India Launches 'Garuda App'
💠Part XV, ELECTIONS (324 to 329)
324. Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in an Election Commission
🗳 Election Commission Of India
▪️Formed: 25 January 1950
▪️Objectives: Constitutional Autonomous Body conducts the elections to the offices of the President & Vice-President of India,Parliament,State Legislative assemblies and Legislative councils.
▪️First Executive: Sukumar Sen
▪️Sushil Chandra is the current 24th Chief Election Commissioner.
