MARTAND SUN TEMPLE
♦️It is located in Anantnag, Kashmir and was built in 8th century AD under the aegis of Karkota Dynasty ruler Lalitaditya Muktapida.
♦️It is considered to be a synthesis of various schools of architecture. The influences of Gandhara, Chinese and Gupta can be observed on the monuments.
♦️ The complex is in a shape of courtyard, surrounded by columns. The main temple has a pyramidal top and carvings of gods like Vishnu, river goddess Ganga and Yamuna and the Sun God.
■ TEMPLES ARCHITECTURE FEATURES.
◇ Gharbhagriha - Literally means womb-house. It is a cave-like sanctum which houses the main icon of the temple.
◇ Mandapa - It is the entrance to the Temple. It may be portico or a hall.
◇ Shikhara / Vimana - It is a mountain-like spire on top. In north India, it is called Shikhara and is curving in shape. In the south, it is like a pyramidal tower and is called Vimana.
◇ Amalaka - Stone-like disc seen at the top of the temple. Mostly in north Indian temples.
◇ Kalasha - It is the topmost part of the temple.
◇ Antartala - It is a vestibule between the Garbhagriha and the Mandapa.
◇ Jagati - This is common in north Indian temples and is a raised platform where devotees can sit and pray.
◇ Vahana - It is the vehicle of main diety and placed in front of Gharbhagriha.
🔖CAVES DURING POST MAURYAN PERIOD.
♦️The tradition of cave architecture that commenced during the reign of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka reached its pinnacle during this period.
♦️Caves were in the form of Chaitya and viharas. Chaitya was a place of worship and vihara was a place of residence of Monks. The viharas also acted as educational centres where monks imparted learning.
♦️Caves during this age referred as Kirti. The face of cave Kirtimukha. At times a pillar known as kirthistambha was cut in front of caves.
■ INTERIM GOVERNMENT (1946)
#Historicalbackground
Members and portfolio they held.
◇ Jawaharlal Nehru - Vice-President of the Council; External Affairs & Commonwealth Relations.
◇ Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel - Home, Information & Broadcasting.
◇ Dr. Rajendra Prasad - Food & Agriculture.
◇ Dr. John Mathai - Industries & Supplies.
◇ Jagjivan Ram - Labour.
◇ Sardar Baldev Singh - Defence.
◇ C.H. Bhabha - Works, Mines & Power.
◇ Liaquat Ali Khan - Finance.
◇ Abdur Rab Nishtar - Posts & Air.
◇ Asaf Ali - Railways & Transport.
◇ C. Rajagopalachari - Education & Arts.
◇ I.I. Chundrigar - Commerce.
◇ Ghaznafar Ali Khan - Health
◇ Joginder Nath Mandal - Law
Factors for climate change
#Environment
✅Plate tectonics:Due to the change in the temperature in the core of the Earth, the mantle plumes and convection currents forced the Earth’s Plates to adjust leading to the rearrangement of the Earth Plate.This can influence the global and local patterns of climate and atmosphere.The oceans’ geometry is determined by the continents’ position. Therefore, the position of the continents influences the pattern of the ocean.The location of the sea also plays a crucial role in controlling the transfer of heat and moisture across the globe and determines the global climate.The recent example of the tectonic control on ocean circulation is the formation of the Isthmus of Panama about 5 million years ago, leading to the prevention of direct mixing of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
✅Volcanic Activity:When a volcano erupts, it emits gases and dust particles, causing a partial block of the Sunrays. This can lead to the cooling of the weather.Though the volcanic activities last only for a few days, the gases and ashes released by it can last for a long period, leading to it influencing climate patterns.Sulphur oxide emitted by the volcanic activities can combine with water to form tiny droplets of sulphuric acid. These droplets are so small that many of them can stay in the air for several years.
Some Facts and Datas
#Judiciary
🍄 According to Economic Survey 2018-19, 3.5 crore cases are pending in the judicial system.
#Pollution
🍄 India, is the third largest carbon emitter after China and the United States.
■ SEISMIC WAVES.
#interiorofearth
◇ Seismic: relating to earthquakes or other vibrations of the earth and its crust.
◇ Seismic waves are waves of energy that travel through the Earth's layers and are a result of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, magma movement, large landslides and large human-made explosions.
◇ The refraction or reflection of seismic waves is used for research into the structure of the Earth's interior.
◇ The terms seismic waves and earthquake waves are often used interchangeably.
